Now that you have all of your supplies ready, it’s time to guide your group through the construction of a model atom.
Start by handing out the marshmallows and ice-cream topping pieces. With younger participants, it can maintain focus if you mention that there are extra supplies for snacking on afterwards.
Start with the marshmallow. Most of an atom is empty space. And most of a marshmallow is nothing but air frothed into sugar. So this marshmallow represents the âemptyâ space of an atom. For older participants, you can encourage them to think of the sugar of the marshmallow as representing not only the energy that permeates what we call âemptyâ space but also the forces that hold the atom together.
For a very long time, the atom was believed to be more-or-less of uniform density, an amorphous mixture of tiny negative particles called electrons swirling around in a positively-charged “pudding.” In 1911, Ernst Rutherford and his team completed a series of experiments that shocked the physics community by revealing that most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in a tiny, central nucleus containing all of the positive charge. For our model, in honor of Rutherford, we’ll build a helium (He) atom, which has a nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons. (Much of Rutherford’s research focused on the alpha particle–which happens to be exactly the same as a helium nucleus.)
Let your dark-colored candies be protons and your light-colored candies be neutrons. (It doesn’t really matter, but textbooks often draw protons as dark dots and neutrons as white dots.)
Candy Nucleons
2 Neutron, 2 Protons
Using the wooden skewer or toothpick, drill a small hole in the side of the marshmallow. Now use the same toothpick or skewer to push those nucleons (a word which here means “candy pieces representing protons and neutrons”) into the center of the marshmallow.
Pathway for the Nucleus
1 Down, 3 To Go
This is a good time in the activity to stop lecturing and instead gather suggestions from the participants and sketch their ideas on a board if you have one, or to gather around some sketching paper for discussion purposes. You can expect to see pictures that look much like a planetary system, because thatâs the way the atom often (still!) is drawn in textbooks. You might have a knowledgeable participant who’ll shout out something like, “Shells! The electrons are in shells!” or “They’re in the Cloud!” Regardless, during the discussion, build on these volunteered suggestions to reach a description of the electrons as whirling around the nucleus in a cloud, going so fast that you canât really tell exactly where they are, only that you know roughly how far they are from the nucleus.
At this point, we have a positively charged ion, because we havenât added any electrons yet. A helium atom needs two electrons, negatively-charged particles, to balance out the two positively-charged protons. Once it was established that the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus, where did researchers decide that the electrons belong?
Our helium atom’s two electrons do indeed share an electron âshellâ, a layer of electrons a known distance from the nucleus. So let’s put a very thin, energetic, sparkly shell around our atom.
Before setting up the shell supplies, pause to demonstrate the procedure. If you’re working with younger students, you may need to stress that everyone will get their turn. If the “mess” part of the activity is an issue, set up a protected area where the messy activity is OK and let the participants queue up to build their atoms in assembly-line fashion.
To create the âelectron shellâ skewer the marshmallow firmly on the wooden stick, then very briefly dunk it into the water, then tap off any excess water into the water container. Tapping off excess water is important, because otherwise the marshmallow can get soggy, which makes for a less-attractive candy atom.
Dunk
and un-dunk.
Each group needs a container with about a cup of water in it and another container with a packet of dry gelatin mix emptied into it. (For fun, choose a gelatin color in keeping with whatever events are ongoing, or a local sports team’s colors…anything to drive interest.)
Finally, gently swirl the damp marshmallow in the gelatin mix.
Adding the Electron Shell
Set the decorated marshmallows aside on a sheet of waxed paper or a plate.
Two Finished Helium Atoms
As time permits, participants can make other atomsâŚstuffing different numbers of protons or neutrons into marshmallows and adding a shell of electrons.
I love a good crossover novel . . . or in this case, series of novels. An author who can successfully blend the tropes and themes of two kinds of worlds can perform that magical feat of pulling you outside your own world and showing you the things that bind people together, no matter what world they’re inhabiting.
The Glass Bottles series by J. Dark will give you that. Here, J Dark blends the noir detective story with urban fantasy. What makes it work is that the features of both worlds are both given their full due. Don’t think of this as a mashup–it’s more than that, it’s an overlay that draws on compelling elements of each type of story to bring fans of either just what they need. I’ve just finished the first one, Best Intentions, and I think you’ll agree that this is a dark, engaging tale that draws you in … and maybe kicks you a few times in the gut before it lets you go.
Yeah, yeah, yeah, you’ll get yours, you demanding film noir fan: the grim, gritty streets of The City, the denizens of the underworld–some better than they seem, some worse, the wiseacre Private Eye with the dingy little office, the mysterious crime that the police can’t handle, the stranger at the doorâŚa stranger who may need her helpâŚor may be about to kill her. Yeah, the PI is a dame, OK, a hot dame, no less, you got a problem with that?
Oh, and you, you urban fantasy addict, you get: a fully-worked out magic system that’s unique in its own way, but that you can pick up on as the story progresses, demons, pentagrams, spells, and rituals. These are all set against a backdrop of a seemingly ordinary city that’s fallen on tough times and normal complications of families, friends, and law versus order. All of these are contained within an ordered universe with an explanation for why-things-are-this-wayâŚan explanation that ties directly to the deepest peril that the hero of the story must face.
While I don’t do spoilers, I will share a tiny content warning–this is not a story for children–got that?–not any more than the Maltese Falcon is a lighthearted romp for the kiddies. And while there are interesting magical–make that magickal–animals that play important roles, this is nothing like a Harry Potter story.
Here’s your setup. No Spoilers.
Fern Fatelli and her sister Fawn work on either side of the private-public law-enforcement line, in the city of Dayning (a fictionalized urban enclave of Halifax, Nova Scotia). Fern’s got her PI business to tend to, with equal parts moxie, magick, and good old-fashioned gumshoe footwork. When she needs a bodyguard, her old buddy–who also happens to be a troll–stands by her. There’s some baaaad stuff going down in the cityâŚthere are these strange little bottles that seem to suck something essential right out of a person, but no one knows what they are, where they came from, who is using them ⌠let alone, why.
Our Fern is comfortable in the lower echelons of her city, using her limited magick on the old PI standards–scrounging up evidence on adultery for a disgruntled spouse. But this time, a seemingly typical case lands her in the role of hero, the one who has to solve an enormous puzzle to save her friends, her family, and her worldâŚto save them all from an ancient evil that was set loose long ago, with the very best of intentions.
J Dark has a way with creating twists that will catch you off balance. Just when you think you sort of know what the solution to the mystery is going to be, something comes in out of left field–something that was there, all along, that you weren’t paying attention to–and everything changes again. You’ll enjoy the ride, but it’s like a roller coaster in the dark, so hang on tight.
At this point, there are three Glass Bottles books released, plus a short story, a prequel actually, A Last Good Day, that’s available for a free download at the publisher’s website. The books are on Barnes & Noble,Amazon, and several digital-books sites. J Dark has a blog, too, where you can read about writing or try to catch up with a serialized sci-fi work-in-progress.
If, like me, you’re kind of curious about this re-imagining of life in Nova Scotia–or, as it’s been renamed in these books, New Scotland–there’s a trove of imagery on Google’s map images–check out this awesome shot by Mark Lamontagne that captures the blend of old and new echoed in J Dark’s vision.
This is my second âNASA Socialâ, part of a new(ish) PR program at NASA which is (successfully, I should add), linking the venerable government institution with this modern social-media-dominated universe. At Ames Research Center, which just celebrated its 75th birthday, I even qualify as âyounger generation.â That alone is worth the price of admission. Last time, I stayed in the Facebook & Twitter world; this time I worked on my photos & videos for the blog. While I may not tweet as rapidly as those youngsters sporting Google Glass, I hope Iâm bringing a relatively-informed viewpoint to the show along with my fangirl attude.
Yeah, I know. I have my own engineering Ph.D., but Iâm still a fangirl when it comes to space stuff, science stuff, and robot stuff. And the best place to find all that stuff is still NASA.
OK, so, Iâm expecting this one to be relatively dull, as the thrilling event of the day is The State of NASA (insert non-martial fanfare here) address being livestreamed from Kennedy on the big screen at the Ames Exploration Center. The last-minute info email the Ames team sent out last night hints at more than that: a âpreviewâ of the ATV-5 re-entry, a âtourâ of the Roverscape (a dirt lot with rocks in it), and (oh, joy) all about the new budget proposal.
Waiting for the livestream from Kennedy Center to get under way, it becomes clear we’re really just watching NASA TV, only without access to the DirecTV remote. Thereâs a very brief, flashy video of inspiring fun NASA images: think ooh! ahh! all accompanied by the voice of the lovely Peter Cullen (aka Optimus Prime). But then NASA TV switches to their familiar old-style rolling globe image with a static âcoming nextâ title. No sound, just a slide. Not something that would get a channel-skipper to pause and watch. A teasing view of the crowd jostling for seating and the Director finding his spot in front of Orion would be more engaging. Maybe they could bring in an intern from a college media studies program to keep viewer interest up when thereâs a little delay in an event startup.
Meanwhile, hereâs a party game: What did you recognize in that rapid-fire video with Optimus Prime narrating? Hereâs my list:
Well, you can watch the State Oâ NASAmessage yourself on YouTube, to get the full effect. Itâs only a half-hour, plus that four-minute preview video featuring brief glimpses of the work NASA is doing, with Real Scientists and Engineers. And robots. And Astronauts. Run it in the background while youâre updating your Facebook. Make the kids watch the preview, maybe inspire them to consider training to work at NASA someday.
What you get here is a few my own off-the-cuff reactions and observations.
No surprise,The Journey To Mars is still a core theme. If youâre down on manned spaceflight, one thing Iâm noticing is that there is a heck of a lot of science being packed into these projects. Itâs almost as if the popularity of the notion of sending human beings to Mars is being leveraged to get more actual discovery accomplished. Hmmmm. As always, at least since Apollo ended, NASAâs a shoestring operation, and itâs rather astonishing just how many things are going on under that big umbrella.
If you havenât been paying attention, you might not know that our current NASA Fearless Leader is a former astronaut, Charles Bolden. He flew on four Shuttle missions between 1986 and 1994, so he was part of NASA for Reagan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton. Ten years after Bolden had left the astronaut business to go back to his first career (the U.S. Marine Corps), G.(noH.)W. Bush got so inspired by the success of the Spirit and Opportunity Mars rovers that he decided NASAâs new mission should be to get people back to the moon and on to Mars. And just five years after that, Obama put Bolden in charge of that mission, as well as the rest of the tasks NASA manages with a budget equal to about 3% the size of the defense budget.
The fun part of the State of NASA speech was not the words, because they were pretty much what youâd expect: upbeat, replete with âReach for New Heightsâ inspirational affirmations. The fun part was the setting: they talked the engineers whoâd been happily disassembling the Orion capsule to put it back together, and Bolden gave his talk in front of the blackened shell of the successful first trial of NASAâs new system designed to carry humans into spaceâŚeven to Mars. To add flavor to the show, the organizers commandeered a space large enough for not one but three future human vehicles. There was a SpaceX Dragon C2+ capsule
Dragon Hangs Out
âsaid to be the actual capsule used for the first successful ISS resupply mission flown by SpaceXâand, for fair balance, a Boeing CST-100 capsule
CST-100 Shows Off Innovative Structure
showing off its innovative weld-free design structure.
Oh, and there were lots more people at Kennedy than we had at Ames. But at Ames, front-row seats were very accessible and anyone wanting to spread out over several seats was just fine.
Just as I notice a poster peering out from the edge of the Orion capsule, with logos and addresses for all NASAâs social-media connections, the feed goes down. The smartphones rotate 90 degrees and are all searching for the livestream. OK, itâs not just Ames, itâs NASA TV. But, really. Hire that intern, guys.
Well, itâs up again within a few minutes, though the audio is sketchy for a bit. What do interns get paid? Like, minimum wage, right?
So here are the highlights picked up in between tweets:
The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) gets first mention in the context of pathway to Marsâthough we still havenât decided if the plan is to capture a whole small asteroid or to extract a chunk from a larger asteroid.
A glimpse of the budget comes nextâŚthereâs a bump-up of $500 million for fiscal 2016, though who knows what Congress will do with the budget request. Keep in mind that NASAâs proposed $18.5 billion is about 3% of the proposed defense budget and about 0.04% of the overall budget. How NASA can do this much with peanuts is amazing. Oh, wait. Suddenly I understand the peanuts ritual at JPL launch & landing events.
Thereâs a return to the Mars topic with shout-outs to all our Mars explorer robots, including a total brag on the U.S. having the first and (so far) only Mars landers. (OK, yes, we still love our friends at ESA, who landed on a comet.)
Then we get a reminder of the brilliant science from our telescope projects
Hubble Reveals the Butterfly Nebula (Courtesy of NASA)
from Hubble (which Bolden helped launch) to Kepler to James Webb. Even Chandra, which does superb work in the X-Ray spectrum, gets a mention this time. And the Solar Dynamics Observatory scores a slot in the closing segment.
Chandra X-Rays the Universe (Courtesy of NASA)
The Shuttle program is over, but it still makes it into the talk. Keep in mind Bolden is a shuttle veteran but also remember that, like his boss, heâs the first African-American to hold his job. Bolden flags the Shuttle program as the one that brought diversity to NASA, since it finally opened up space to women, minorities, and others who previously âwouldnât have a chance to flyâ. That is the thing he tells us to view as the crucial long-term legacy of the shuttle program. (Side note: Boldenâs Deputy Administrator for 2009-2013 was the first woman to hold that position, Lori Garver.)
Thereâs a reminder that the money spent on space is money spent in the U.S., from small business to large ones, from textile mills to welding shops. And the cash gets shared out, with 37 states having a stake in the commercial crew mission.
Education gets a nod, though to be honest Iâm a little disappointed that what gets the splash are the student science program at ISS and the flight of a student project on the Orion test flight. Those big projects still tend to end up at private and/or privileged schools, since it takes resources to play. I might have gone for a specific shout-out to one of the schools for which participation was a big leap, like Oaklandâs Urban Promise Academy. Still, if thereâs a kid doing a science report who hasnât logged into a NASA website, then that kid doesnât have internet access.
All right, then we get a round of teasers on upcoming technological developments: âgreenâ (less-polluting) propellants, advanced autonomous robotics, high-power solar electric propulsion, aviation advancements.
NASAâs moving forward in its ongoing role in earth and climate science. Weâve got that successful launch of the SMAP climate science satellite (http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/), just a week ago, which has both direct practical applications for agriculture. And the Airborne Snow Observatory has already produced data to help with the drought in the West, especially California, where snowpack is key to water supplies.
True to the core message, the closing draws focus back to Mars, promising a geophysics mission with the InSight lander scheduled to launch in March of next year.  And a taste of special features planned for the Mars 2020 successor to Curiosity, including a way to shoot a sample back home to Earth.
The Core Message
One last item in the dark hall of the Exploration Center: we get to watch a video from the re-entry of ESAâs ATV-1. Â Kinda cool, but old-school, dating back to 2008. But this is just a teaser, for the upcoming re-entry of ATV-5. Here weâre working at the opposite end of the scale from Orion and Dragon, where the concern is careful braking and heat-shield materials and safe landings. These re-entries are in the realm of Design for Demise, in which hardware at the end of its life is sent down to burn up in Earthâs atmosphere. Itâs not as simple as it might seem, when your goal is to NOT have bits of debris landing on the surface. I snipped together my video of their video to make a one-minute infomercial for ATV-5. Well, one does what one can:
There are two instrument packages onboard ready to monitor descent. ESAâs contribution is a video camera (wow!) while NASAâs package records acoustic data, temperatures, deceleration info and more. Both will âphone inâ their results using the Iridium satellite network. Yep, ESA and NASA will be totally outclassing everyone elseâs phone video uploads that day. (ESAâs page is complete with a countdown clock. The twitter tag will be #bigdive.)
This isn’t so much a blog post as a paper. There are footnotes and citations. Bear with me.
Have you had this experience? Someone in a group discussion notes that April is Autism Awareness Month. Then someone else says, âOh, remember Rain Man? I watched it again recently! Isnât that a great movie?â And then everyone has a lovely chat about movies. Unfortunately, this kind of response is what gamers call an Epic Fail. Letâs walk into April with some better awareness.[1]
So, what is autism? What isn’t it?
Photo Credit: Nina from Australia, Rain, Rain, Go Away (CC BY 2.0) via Wikimedia Commons
What it is
Autism is a set of neurological characteristics found in as many as 1 in 50 people [2,3] that can lead to difficulties with social interactions, repetitive behaviors, or intense engagement in special interests. Not necessarily all these things. (So, you know 100 people? Well, you likely know a couple of autistic people.)
Nobody knows what âcausesâ [4] autism, although probably there are combinations of genes that are more likely to yield autistic characteristics. (It may run in families, like other polygenic characteristics, such as height.) Autism presents on a spectrum, so its current designation is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)âŚthough many autistic people will counter, âthereâs nothing disordered about me!â
What it isnât
Autism has absolutely nothing to do with vaccinesâthat absurd idea was generated by publication of fraudulent research, a real-world hoax that has harmed untold numbers of people [5,6,7]
Autism is not Rain Man. Dustin Hoffman did his best, and the film made a positive difference at the time, but that was over thirty years ago. The movie is now woefully out of date, and most autistic people find it discomfiting, stereotyping autism, families of autistics, and the way the world perceives them.
Autism is not sociopathy/psychopathy/other-mispercepathy. The number of mysteries or thrillers or police procedurals in which the murderer/terrorist/stalker is a shifty-eyed, unempathetic, twitchy weirdo whose speech patterns and movements and sometimes specific labelling code them as âautisticâ make my hair curl. No, the autistic people of the world are not spying on you, plotting the perfect murder, or designing weapons of terror. Instead, as a class, they are the kindest people you know.
Autism is not the strange child. The vast majority of autistics are adults. Autism doesnât go away when you grow up. Why donât you notice? Those whose difficulties with the world are great still live in relative isolation. As for the rest, theyâre âmasking.â This isnât a lighthearted improv exercise. It is a progressive modification of behaviorâoften unconscious, in ways learned over many yearsâto appear more like you, because theyâre pretty sure you wonât accept them otherwise. (So, maybe this should be Autism Acceptance Month.)
Masking isnât perfect; you probably think of your autistic friends as âthe little-bit odd oneâ or the âcute, quirky one.â You may not see them around as much as your other friendsâbecause keeping up masking is hard work. The older an autistic person is, the better they can be at maskingâbut then, itâs harder for them to change that. Also, be aware that if you realize a friend is autistic, it doesnât help to tell them to stop masking. Itâs a difficult process, and theyâll let you know when theyâre ready.
Photo Credit: Dietmar Rabbich (CC BY 4.0) via Wikimedia Commons
Unfortunately, old movies like Rain Man leave the impression that all autistic people are weird geniuses, canât take care of themselves, and suffer extreme difficulties with life. Yes, some are in that boat (and a rare few are even geniuses). Itâs important to be sure everyoneâs properly supported in lifeâcan we simply agree to support autistic people with needs just as we support neurotypical (NT) people with serious life issues?
A few thoughts to keep in mind, no matter what type of neurons youâre thinking with:
Autistic people are, as a group, extremely honest. This presents complicationsâbecause most autistic people donât react in conversation in quite the exact way that neurotypicals expect. For instance, if someone doesnât look you in the eye all the timeâa favorite behavior of NTâsâtheyâre perceived as âdishonestâ. Thatâs unfortunateâŚwhich is why ambitious autistic adults work hard to make eye contact, even though it may be enormously stressful to do so.
Autistic people are empatheticâand have all the same emotions you do. They may express their emotions a little differently, but that doesnât mean they donât have the exact same feelings you experience. Your autistic friends may even be more likely to notice how youâre feeling and to empathize with you, because they are observing you and working to figure you out, all the time. So theyâre not just in possession of that deep, humanizing characteristic, theyâre actively working at it, every day.
This doesn’t mean that autistic people are all perfect, wonderful, nice, diligent, hardworking, or what-have-you and are somehow better than neurotypical people. Everyone has shortcomingsâand autistics don’t need to become the next perfectionist minority. It’s just that the stereotypes (weird, twitchy, untrustworthy) are contradictory.
If youâre reading this, youâre probably part of the reading/writing community.Here’s another thought for you.
Well. Ummmm. YOU might be autistic. Nobody wants to think of themselves as âdifferent,â but writersâwhether theyâve gone the publishing route or notâdraw heavily from a well of âdifference.â Lots of us grew up feeling like we were âon the fringeâ or âthe odd one out.â We dive deep into the special interests that drive our work. We can go on and on and on about a character or a situation or a plot pointâwhether in a story we wrote or in one of our favorites. Heck, some of us can sit down and hammer out 50,000, 100,000, a million words. Thatâs hardly what nonwriters would call âtypical.â
If youâve secretly, quietly wondered if thereâs something you donât know about yourself that maybe you should, here is one easily-accessible book to read: Cynthia Kimâs Nerdy, Shy, and Socially Inappropriateis a clever, affecting story of one woman’s journey of self-discovery. Some terminology it uses, unfortunately, became outdated the year after publication, with the elimination (for very good reasons) of the problematic term Aspergerâs [8,9], but the self-realization content still holds up.
A cautionary note: take with gigantic doses of salt anything coming from the group Autism Speaks. They will be rather shouty during April and their old puzzle-piece logo will be cropping up all over, but this group is widely derided by autistic people as not speaking for them and, worse, actively spreading misperceptions about autism [10] and promoting [11] the application of abusive âtherapyâ [12]. Many autistic people therefore consider Autism Speaks to be a hate group [13], but even without that label, their role in the politics of disability is subject to serious question [14].
Ready to raise awareness a little (or a lot) more?
Below are a couple of helpful, easy-to-access resources. You can find deeper reading by continuing to the Notes and Citations section.
Ask Autistic Adults is my current favorite website for quickly-accessed on-point information on what grown-up autistic people feel you should know: labels, appropriate language, effective support, fake/abusive âtherapies,â and more.
The Thinking Personâs Guide to Autismis a web-based organization that provides a broad array of resources and connections to useful information for autistic people and their allies.
To catch up on the current zeitgeist in the autistic community, try the hashtag #actuallyautistic. To some extent, outsiders have tried to co-opt it, but the hashtag has withstood that pretty well so far.
Now, have a very happy Autism Awareness Month, everybody!
Below the blue umbrella: Notes and Citations
Photo Credit: Tom Mrazek, An Umbrella In the Dark, (CC BY 2.0) via Wikimedia Commons
Yes, lots of notes and cites. Because a blog post needs to be brief, but the topic is complex!
No one person speaks for all people in any marginalized group. I make no claims that my perspective, or those of the autistic individuals Iâve cited here, is more worthy than that of any other member of the broadly-defined autism community. This essay cannot be perfect, but I will update it as necessary, and I welcome honest, fact-based critique.
âRising ratesâ of autism do not reflect changes in the incidence of autism; rather, reports like the Johns Hopkins article reflect how wider application of diagnosis reveals that more people are autistic than was thought previously. This article in particular highlights a progression over time, as researchers began attending to this data and improving their diagnostic techniques. I linked to this article because it is quite readable and provides links to the academic papers and data, for those who are interested. The choice of a headline in a public-facing news presentation can be misleadingâremember to read more than headlines.
Autistic people, by and large, dislike using âcauseâ to describe the mechanisms underlying autism. It makes it sound like a disease, something you can âcure,â and that detracts from attending to what can truly help autistic people thrive in a largely non-autistic society, understanding what âtherapiesâ are harmful bunk, and listening to what autistics think. However, itâs the term thatâs easiest for a casual reader follow in the context of a (supposedly) brief article like this one. As a reminder, this is a note to a sentence stating clearly that the mechanics are still unknown.
âWakefieldâs article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulentâ British Medical Journal (BMJ). 6 January 2011. BMJ 2011;342:c7452. https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452
Wakefieldâs horrific piece of hoaxery was published in the Lancet in January of 1998, and its awful effects have flowed into every corner of our medical landscapeâeven influencing vaccine resistance during the current pandemic. By the time the journal retracted the piece, the damage was done and the evil thought-virus of ‘vaccines are scary’ had spread too far to eradicate it.
Eggerston, Laura. âLancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccinesâ Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). 9 March 2010. Accessed via National Institutes of Health, 29 March 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831678/
Hans Asperger, the man after whom the so-called âhigh-functioningâ side of the autism spectrum was (temporarily) named, is now known to have been a eugenicist, Nazi-assisting child-hurter, and all-around guy-you-wouldnât-invite-round-to-dinner. The article below [9] is an accessible read and includes references.
