One of my writing groups (the one that isnāt a critique circle) has set a blog-post prompt of āHow do you measure success as an author?ā Weāre supposed to introspect, come up with wise words to inspire and console others. I donāt know about yāall, but the past two years have been a low-rising roller coaster, beginning with a brief burst of elation that my first book (my ādebutā if you want to get precious about it) was coming out.
Only then we had a little bit of a pandemic to deal with.
And now itās two years later.
All That Was Asked has never had a book-launch party (it slightly predates online launch parties), a signing session, a reading at a conventionānone of those things. Not uncoincidentally, it hasnāt made much dough for me or for my publisher. At least the print copies are mostly print-on-demand, so no oneās staring at a warehouse full of unsold copies and calling a shredding company.
But is selling a ton of books a success? To stay sane in this business, I think you have to measure success more on the basis of what you are doing than what you have done. If youāre making oodles of money in the publishing industry, thatās mostly a matter of luck, so is that success? Iād call it good fortune. Itās very much a lottery. Iāve read absolutely stunning work in critique circles, listened to mind-blowing readings by little-known writers, and Iāve even had people tell me after a reading āwow, that was awesome!ā
What makes sense is to measure how this workāwritingāimpacts your life. Is this what you live for? Not in a rosy-eyed, dreamy way, not āI luv writing <3ā but āwriting is what drags me out of everything elseā and āwriting is my food, drink, and sleepā and āwriting is how I exist in this universe.ā
What Iām doing right now is working on projects that Iāve wanted to tackle for yearsāno, decadesābut never could due to the vicissitudes of child-rearing, day-job workload, personal upheavals, and disability.Ā Iām not whining. These are just facts. I chose to raise kids, and it was satisfying work (and, yes, frustrating, too, but in all the right ways). However, doing the best job possible involved more than dropping them off at our barely-adequate schools. It meant advocating for them, fighting an uncaring administrative system, volunteering, fundraising, and, as a last-resort, homeschooling. At least in the pandemic age, there are more parents out there who understand that homeschoolingāat least not ideallyāisnāt a romp in the garden, itās serious work. And, like most of us, for me that was work that had to take place in parallel with earning a living.
So right now, Iām successful. Every morning (afternoon?) I wake up, and thereās writing to do.
This kind of writing, which is off-the-cuff, barely edited, and hurled into the interweb’s event horizon, never to be seen by human eyes.
Critical writing, where Iām critiquing work by fellow writers, trying to help them make their stories the best they can be.Ā
Social-media writingāmostly Twitterāwhere I practice being concise, kind, and thoughtful.
And, finally, yes, writing my own stories, the ones Iāve been wanting to read.
What I’ve been looking forāand yes, I’ve found some, but far too fewāare stories led by characters who have trouble communicating, who donāt fit in, who think differently than others but find a way through life anyhow. I’m tired of hero’s-journey stories and chosen-one tales that take themselves too seriously. I don’t mind playing with the tropes. For instance, one of my WIPs has a seeming “chosen one” in it, but the whole thing is a crock, a scheme worked up by a person who’s trying to change society and is using an old myth to get buy-in. Not that the “chosen” person isn’t worthy, but there’s no magic in the processāthey’re carefully selected for capability and then trained for the job.
Iām not writing to market. I admit that. So I canāt complain about sales, not too much. It may take time for people like me to find the stories Iām writing for them. Thatās OK. I waited a long time. A little longerāI can deal.
Well, I’m trying to, anyhow.
In the meantime, Iām keeping on. For me, that writers learned to use remote meetings to connect for critiques, discuss craft, conduct conventions, and more has been a compensatory gain during the pandemic. Itās not a benefit of this horrible time; itās a thing we could should have been doing all along, and only just now learned to value. When the pandemicās over, weāll keep connected this way. Thatās a good thing, but we donāt get to pretend itās all right that millions of people died while those of us privileged to live were fumbling our way to this belated discovery.
Iāve leveraged that new learning, because Iām an engineer and tech things come naturally to me. Iāve let myself get roped into volunteering to help others less comfortable with the technologyāand thatās OK, because participating with other writers helps me connect more deeply with my writing community. I value the friendships Iāve formed with people Iāve only met in Zoom rooms. This is not a trivial feelingāI dedicated my Monday afternoons for half this past year to help a Zoom friend whose critique circle had lost their only zoom-capable member. That meant stepping aside from one of my other critique circles, one that needed me less. Iām returning to my prior group as of this month, because my friend’s old zoom-host has returned. Iāll miss the new friends I made in her circle, even though we only ever saw each other in little boxes on our computer screens.
Am I a failure because I had to defer my writing career? Looking back through my drawer of shelved and partly-done stories, one thing is strikingly clearāI was so young, so ignorant, so clueless. Much of what Iām writing now, I couldnāt have done when I was younger. In technique, I’m much better than my younger self; some of that gain I can attribute to years of writing science and engineering reports and papers, working collaboratively with colleagues on phrasing, structure, and word choice … plus coping with deadlines. Beyond the technique, older me is able to imagine more-complex characters, see worlds with more-different people in them. Through personal experience, I know most livesāmost real storiesādon’t have a ācall to adventureā or a āsupreme ordeal.ā Thereās no wise mentor waiting to guide us. We have to muddle through, try to survive in an irrational universe, and deal with the fact we’ll never quite make sense of it all.
Sure, Iām still learning. You have to keep learning. Itās the key to growth in every respect. Even there, though, Iām doing better, working actively to learn more of what I need to continue improving.
In my next posting, Iāll demonstrate my success by sharing a list of what I consider to be my 2021 accomplishments not only as a writer but also as a member of the writing community.
If you skipped Part 1, then you need to know know that in this activity, you will build a scale model of the Solar System as far as Pluto. You will use familiar objects and easy, approximate measurementsāmostly simply pacing off distances. This is not a project about being extremely precise; the goal is to develop a strong perception of just how big the solar system is and how small the planets are within that system.
For preparation, you need only to assemble the collection of properly-sized objects listed in the requirements table (See Step 2) and print out the ācheat sheetā youāll carry on the Walk. A glance at a map of your local area will help you decide which way to take your expedition and to identify some landmarks to stand in for more-distant things like the far edge of the Oort Cloud.Ā To build your own interest and enjoy some discoveries of your own, check out some of the links Iāll include in the references section (Step 4).
You can feel free to substitute alternate model planets, using the scaled sizes as a guide; however, most of the items called for can be found in an average family home, borrowed from classroom parents, or purchased at a very modest outlay. While modern kids may not find the contents of kitchen spice jars terribly fascinating, using an allspice or peppercorn seed as your āEarthā model will give them a lifelong reference point–theyāll be smelling pumpkin pie or watching a chef grind pepper and that spark of memory will remind them of this project.
Because the scaled planets range from the size of a pin point to the size of a jacks ball, it also makes sense to attach each object to something larger, such as an inverted cup or a 4 by 6 index card. If you have access to sports equipment, the bright-colored cones often used for laying out a temporary playing field are helpful. You can position the planet-holder and also tape a āPlease Leave Our Experiment Hereā sign to the top of the cone. And the bright colors and signs help the explorers to look back and spot the distant planets. Again, be creative! There is no need to run out and buy sports equipmentāany handy rock or a brick will do to keep your objects and notes in place.
Here’s my Walk kit, ready to go.
When reviewing the Cheat Sheet, youāll see that this model describes our solar system as far as the outer edge of the Oort Cloud. However, to go all the way to the Oort Cloud in this model is a journey of 75 miles (100 km), so donāt expect to travel that far. Instead, as part of your preparation, identify a few local landmarks 1 or 2 miles from your start point and also pick some regional and further-off destinations to match the scaled distances for such key locales as the Oort Cloud, the heliopause, the estimated positions of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft, the far edge of the Kuiper belt, and our further neighbors in the Universe. If youāre too short on time, the Cheat Sheet includes some general destinations, but your own localized ones will be much more meaningful to the group. If your group wonāt have time to walk all the way to Pluto, find out where Pluto would be in that locale and point ahead to that location before you do turn back.
Once in the classroom, before launching your exploratory mission, start with a quick review of the concept of scale. Regardless of your target age group, toys which are also scale models of cars or airplanes or trains are helpful examples. Quickly walk through a sample of numerical proportions to give a sense of how it goes when you are creating your own scale model: for instance, sketch on the board or a sheet of poster paper a rough scale drawing of the classroom room at 1 inch per foot (5 cm per m). Rather than slowing down the project with extra work, prepare for this session by making your own rough measurements of the classroom dimensions in advanceāsimply pace off the length and width and note any additional features to the room. Remember, the idea is to illustrate your point, not to create an architectural drawing.
Moving on to the Solar System, start with the Sunā¦an 8-inch-diameter playground ball or an ordinary soccer ball fits our scale. Ask if anyone can guess what size the Earth should be to go with this āSunā. The guesses are very likely to be way off, because most āmodelsā used in classrooms and the pictures in the textbooks are not at all to scale. In those, Earth is shown as a recognizable ball appearing as much as a tenth the size of the Sun.
Once you have a few guesses on record, share the key data. Write on the board or a flip chart as you go, to keep the presentation lively. (Nothing kills attention like a PowerPoint!) The Sunās diameter is about 800,000 miles (1400 thousand km), and weāre using an 8-inch (18 cm) ball, so each inch stands for 100,000 miles (or, a cm stands for 75,000 km). The Earthās diameter is only 8,000 miles (12,700 km). So how big will the model Earth be? It turns out we need something less than 1/10th of an inch across, only 0.08 inches (0.17 cm). So now you can pass around your āEarthāā¦a peppercorn will work, so will an allspice seed. (And, yes, you can get away with crumbling up a bit of paper and claiming itās a spitwad you found.) If you have a spice-jar worth of seeds, everyone can have their own Earth to keep. Let the students take a moment to actually compare the sizes of Earth and Sun. Itās a dramatic difference, nothing like what their textbooks show.
Now itās time to figure out where the Earth and Sun should be to fit in with this scale. Start by inviting students to guessā¦they will likely assume you can fit the Earth-Sun model easily inside the room. So now, add the distance data they need and we can āstepā through the necessary calculation:
The Earth is roughly 93 million miles (150 million km) from the sun.
In our scale model, thatās 930 inches (2000 cm)
or 78 feet (20 m),
or 39 steps of about 2 feet (40 steps of 0.5 m)
Notes:
In our model weāre using a pace distance reasonably close to the average womanās step length and not too far off the step length of a child who is supposed to be walking but canāt resist running. If your group is adult men or tall women, you can use the worksheet to adjust the number of steps accordingly.
Our scale in SI (SystĆØme international, or metric) is slightly different than in English units, so that those using the SI version can also use simple round figures.
At this point, try to keep a straight face while pretending to start building the model inside the classroom. Dramatically place the āSunā at one end of the room and try to pace off 39 or 40 steps. Unless youāre doing this activity in a large lecture hall or a cafeteria, you will quickly run out of space (pun intended). By now, it should be clear to the students that this is to be an outdoor activity.
Set the very few ground rules for the mission plan. The model is built by counting stepsāthe students will be the ones to do the counting and you (the project leader) will expect them to try hard and in return will not be too fussy about precision or how the measurement accuracy may be affected when leadership shifts from short to tall students.Ā Ā The group will remain cohesive, so no-one misses out on any important discoveriesāand no one will charge ahead lest they get ālost in spaceā. And everyone should understand the time constraints.
When the group is large, Iāve had success assigning small subgroups to accompany one adult leader as the āvanguardā to each planet, leaving the rest behind until they have ālanded,ā then allowing the followers to run full-speed to catch up. If you do this, itās important to ensure everyone has a turn to be in the vanguard at least once. If the students have been studying the planets, the vanguard students can also be asked to provide just a few key bits of information to the other explorers as features they have ādiscoveredā about the planet they just reached. However, resist the urge to turn each stop into a seminarāthe goal is to travel as far as possible across the system quickly enough to return before class time ends.
Remind the group that itās a long walk across the solar system and then get started for real. Carry your Sun to a central location outside. If you can park Sol near a tall landmark (such as a flagpole), youāll find it easier to point back to the ācenter of the Solar Systemā as you move further away. Take your Cheat Sheet in hand (the page from the resource kit listing your step-off distances) and read out the number of steps from the sun to Mercury. Send the Mercury explorer team ahead to place Mercury in its position, and quickly join them with the rest of the group. If the vanguard has some cool facts to share about Mercury, give them time to speak. And move on to Venus and the rest of the inner planets.
The asteroid belt portion is the first region containing many objects. If you pause at Ceres, the biggest dwarf planet in the inner Solar System, it helps reduce the stigma of Pluto being āonlyā a dwarf planet. The fun part in these ābeltā regions is to pretend to dodge the small asteroids or other objectsāwhile you may mention that there really isnāt any significant risk of running into an asteroid, that is no reason to turn down the chance to pretend youāre in a crowded mess of obstacles just like in the movies. Even Neil deGrasse Tyson, in his reboot of Cosmos, includes a sequence in which his Ship of the Imagination zigs and zags through, first, a crowded Asteroid Belt and later a densely-packed Oort Cloud.
If time is short or you are working with younger children, it is reasonable to make it to Jupiter (donāt forget to dodge the asteroids on the way out) point out roughly where the outer planets, Pluto, and the further objects would be found and then head back to Earth.
In any case, carry some ordinary first-aid supplies and be sure to have extra adults on hand to slow down those who want to jump to lightspeed. Donāt worry if you donāt have a straight route to useā¦twisting and turning your way around the streets of a neighborhood is equally impressive. If time will permit, participants can bring lunches and picnic in the Kuiper Belt before returning. And remember, as you return to collect the planet models, it is just as fun to rediscover the distances on the way back.
Don’t worry.Ā This is one of the least expensive major science projects youāll put together.
Youāll need:
I found a sunny yellow ball for my Sun.
1) Any ball roughly 8ā (19mm) in diameterāa basic playground ball is likely to work, as will a standard soccer ball. FIFA size 5 works for the English-units model; the SI model is slightly smaller, so a youth-sized FIFA size 4 is appropriateābut donāt get bogged down in the details. Visually, when compared with the planet models, all of these ball sizes look the same.Ā Itās most likely that you already own or can borrow a ball for this project; if you simply must buy a ball, you should be able to find one for under $10.
2)Ā A set of eleven objects to represent each of the eight planets, our Moon, and two of the dwarf planets:
Mars or Venus
Pluto or Ceres
a)Ā four pins (two pin heads represent Mars and Venus, two pin points represent Ceres and Pluto),
c) two peppercorns or allspice seeds for Earth and Venus
Having a Ball with Jupiter
d) one jacks-size ball (Jupiter)
This jellybean could be Uranus or Neptune
e) two jelly beans (or coffee beans) for Neptune and Uranus
Saturn represented by a large swirly peppermint
f) and a Ā¾ā (19mm) āshooterā marble or a big round piece of candy (also 3/4″ or 19mm) for Saturn.Ā (Itās just so nice to have something extra-cool and colorful for our most spectacular planet.)
Total cost: less than a dollar US; ideally, rummaging about an average home or allowing participants to bring contributions should turn up most of these objects for free. To splurge, pick up a whole jar of fresh peppercorns for around $5 and share them out among the students.
2) Eleven inexpensive holders for your objects, with the object names written on them. Empty clear yogurt containers or plastic drink cups work very well (see photos), as the pins can be pushed through the cups and others attached with glue to the cup bottomsā¦such that the cups then serve as mini-pedestals for the model objects. However, donāt feel bound by guidelines hereāa set of index cards will do the job if thatās what you have handy. It does help to secure each object to its support. However, be sure that students can see the actual object clearly so that everyone has a feel for the scale. Cost: as much as 10 cents
3) A few signs printed on regular-sized paper to leave with objects that will be waiting for your return, such as:Ā āPlease Leave This Experiment Undisturbed — (Teacherās Name).āĀ Ā Cost: 10 cents
4) Weights to keep each sign from blowing away in a breezeāanything from a handy rock to a water bottle to an actual sports-field marker from your supply closet.Ā Ā Cost: negligible
5) Your basic first-aid kit and/or other equipment required by local protocols for a field trip.
6) Water as needed (Up to $10 if you need to buy each student some bottled water; negligible if students can bring refillable water bottles.) You may choose to make the walk as short as a half-mile (kilometer) or as long as twice that. For a short walk, you should only need modest supplies; for a long walk, snacks and water will be welcome.
7) A printout of your āCheat Sheetā for either the English-units or SI-units version of the project Walk to Pluto, Miles or Walk to Pluto, kmĀ Ā (Just click to download the desired document) Whichever measurement system you’re using, it’s just one sheet, front & back, and includes short comments you can make as you take your trek. Cost: 15 cents, if your printer ink is expensive, because it does have colors.
Total cost of essential supplies: normally about a dollar, assuming most items can be gathered at home or borrowed.Ā Ā For bottled water, if needed, budget an additional 50 cents per student
If you purchase all new supplies, you could spend as much as $40 for a brand-new soccer ball, a jar of nonpareils, a jar of peppercorns, a packet of pins, a jacks game, a bag of marbles with a shooter, and a package of jellybeans.
(For workbook copies in Excel format, ready for editing, I can send you a copy via Facebook messaging.Ā Just connect to one of my pages, Pixel Gravity or Cometary Tales.Ā Say, while you’re there, “like” the page.Ā Either way, youāll receive the file in a return message.Ā The beauty of this approach is that you donāt even need a copy of Excel to use the workbookāFacebook will prompt you to choose whether to open it in Office Online or to download it.Ā The alternative is to email me via cometary@cometarytales.com.)
Compare the sizes of Earth and Pluto & Charon (Pluto’s shadow isn’t that big on Earth!) Image Credit: NASA
It’s been a super-fantastic #PlutoFlyby day (see the video for a Pixel Gravity simulation of New Horizons’ close approach path on 7/15/2015), and I can’t resist going to one of my favorite astronomy projects:Ā building a scale model of the Solar System that takes you out of the house, out of the classroom, and under the sky.Ā (Where maybe Pluto’s shadow, cast by a distant star, will pass over you.)
As a reminder, you can look for the following in any Messy Monday project:
A set of notes for project leaders, sketching the key elements of the project and the science topic it is meant to address
A detailed supply list, structured to make it simple to purchase supplies for either a one-shot demonstration or for a classroom-sized group activity.
A set of instructions for working through the project with students, including commentary to help cope with common classroom-management issues, questions that are likely to arise, and issues to keep in mind from safety to fairness.
A rough estimate of the cost to run the project.
As before, I’ll break down the presentation into four postings, to spare readers trying to scroll through a 5000-word document, but I’ll post them quickly, so you can jump ahead if you are raring to go or want to access the reference materials first.Ā In other projects, we built our own comets. In this project, we travel out into the solar system, hoping to reach the source of that comet.
Step 1: Space is Big
Itās a long way to Pluto. But as far as the Universe is concerned, Plutoās in our condo’s tiny back yard. What would it be like, though, to take a hike to Pluto? Like the New Horizons Spacecraft spacecraft buzzing past Pluto and its cluster of moons, but, well, maybe taking a bit less time about it. Nine years (the explorer was launched in early 2006) is longer than even the above-average studentās attention span. What if we could shrink the Solar System down to a reasonable size for nice walking field trip?
Paths of the nine planetary objects orbiting the Sun for many years (A Pixel Gravity simulation result.)
No surprise here: itās been done. Six ways to Sunday, in fact. While no one person claims to own the idea of building a scale model of the solar system, my favorite advocate of such models is Guy Ottewell, who likes a scaling factor that makes the model a reasonable size for the average person to walk. You can buy his book on the subject (now with cartons!) at the books page on his website. As a bonus, youāll also find the most current editions of all of his other books on astronomy and much more.Ā Ā (He self-effacingly describes his annual Astronomical Calendar as āwidely usedā; a more-accurate description would be āfanatically used by serious amateur astronomersā.)Ā No disclaimer necessary;Ā we’re not friends, I’m just one of his (many) Twitter followers.
The goal of this project is for everyone involved to obtain a personal sense of the feature of Outer Space that is hardest to conceptualize by reading books and trolling the internet: Space is BIG. (Yes, you may pause to reread the opening to The Hitchhikerās Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams.)Ā Indeed. Really Really Big.
On top of that, the places you can stopāthe non-empty bitsāare few and very tiny compared with the distances between them.Ā And it takes a long time to get from one stop to another.
So, when assembling materials and presenting this project, keep these two key goals in mind. Itās not important whether you model Earth as a peppercorn (Ottewellās model) or an allspice seed (easier to find in my own kitchen) or a spitwad from the ceiling that happens to be about a tenth of an inch across.Ā Ā Whatās important is that the Earth is not only extremely teensy compared to the Sun, but you canāt even fit the Sun and Earth into an ordinary classroom. And you have to hike at least a half a mile (a kilometer) if you want to make it to Pluto. With any luck, you can make practical use of the excess energy in a classroom-full of kids and also amaze them. If youāre doing this as a classroom helper and the teacher is used to taking advantage of the time to catch up on infinite paperwork, this is a time to persuade that teacher to shove the paperwork aside and join the expedition. There will be no regrets!
The objects used to represent planets and other bodies should be chosen for familiarity, because you want the participants to absorb the scale comparisons effortlessly. āEveryone knowsā how big a jellybean is, a pin is familiarāboth the pushing end and the painful poking endāa soccer ball is a known object, and so on. It doesnāt matter if the object you use is not exactly the design diameterāand no one is going to care that jellybeans or coffee beans are bumpy ovoids, not spheres. The next time youāre eating a jellybean (or slurping a Starbucks), at the back of your mind will be āI had to hike a half-mile just to get to this little Neptune hereā.Ā Ā Plus, āYum, astronomy is delicious.ā
If youāre interested in the underlying concepts, I encourage you to stop by the National Optical Astronomy Observatoryās website and read Guy Ottewellās original 1989 description of his Thousand Yard Model; however, if you consider yourself a mathphobe, donāt let the arithmetical computations worry you. Iāve made you an Excel worksheet to do that task. Running a mind-expanding science project should help relieve that condition, not make it worse.
If you have visited a museum’s scale model, read Ottewell’s book, or done a similar project in the past, there are a few differences you may encounter in this project. In particular, I suggest you avoid having planets represented by peanuts. Including nuts in school projects, can be problematical if any student (or parent helper) with nut hyper-allergy could possibly be affected. (I have relatives with this allergy, and there is nothing quite like coping with anaphylactic shock to ruin a dayās outing.)
Iāve included a few more ādestinationsāāsuch as the ever-popular asteroid ābeltā and my personal favorite of Plutoās fellow dwarf planets. The number of steps taken between planets (and other destinations) is greater, because kids take shorter steps than grown-ups. (Also, other models Iāve seen assume a stride length more typical of menāand the majority of teachers and parent volunteers are still women, with shorter strides than men.) And Iāve included the current (for now, at least) locations for a few more distant ādestinationsā that we can look out towards from our turnaround point at Pluto.
The tables Iāve provided are in both English and SI units. The scales are slightly different between the two, in order to yield intuitively-scaled results in either set of units. And Iāve provided a ācheat sheetā of the key data for a teacher or other presenter to carry as a reference source on the walk. If anyone would like to get completely precise and build their own model matching their pace length exactly, or adjusting to a different scale, you can request a copy of my Excel workbook for this project to create your individualized pace-off. Or if you know a Senior Girl Scout or Boy Scout in need of a Gold Star or Eagle project, a community solar system model would be a very cool service project. (Cāmon, Scouts, do you really want to build another park bench?)
Speaking of space, and coolness, and peanuts, and bigness, by the time your group finishes this projectāeveryone who participates should wholeheartedly agree:Ā Space is Big
The final stage of our State-Of-NASA day starts with Lunch. If you turn up in the morning with a bit of cash, you can sign up for a box lunch, and I knew from before that itās a good one. But luckily today, I left my cash at home so my lunch is the granola bar thatās been hiding in my computer bag since Iām not sure when. But, yes, luckily, since weāve gotten back to the visitorās center just in time for the start of the budget presentation, livestreamed via the big screen at the Exploration Center. There’s no time to eat more than a granola bar if I want both hands free to type & tweet.
Now, I know that Ames employees were also gathered elsewhere watching the livestream. Iām wondering if it might have been more efficient and more socially fun to have the Social Media crew join that larger group for these livestreams. Maybe next timeā¦
A Disclosure Moment
Sure, I’m a space fan, so it wouldn’t be out of line to assume I’m in favor of funding NASA.Ā But of course, on top of that, my husband does work for NASA, so there can be an actual family effect from budget decisions.Ā Though I’m really writing about a) the general budget picture and b) what it’s like at a NASA Social, I’ll avoid the budget topics that directly affect our family.Ā No, wait, the budget issue that’s most likely to have a real, measurable effect on us isn’t some line item, it’s the regular sequestration of funds by our truculent Congresspersons.Ā (As in, my husband hasn’t had an actual raise in more than 5 years.)Ā And then there are those wonderful times when Congress shuts down the government and he and all his colleagues don’t get paid at all and proceed to complain (bitterly) that they have been told to stay home and not work.Ā There’s nothing worse to a scientist than being told not to work. In any case, here I’m not aiming for a critical review, but more of a “what’s in the budget” overview.
Letās see if I can squeeze it into a few paragraphs. And keep in mind this is the requested budget, part of President Obamaās 2016 budget. Congress has to approve it. These numbers sound big to us, spending $18.5 billion on NASA. Just keep in mind that this is 0.04% of the total 2016 Obama budget. And if compared to the defense portion of the military budget, itās 3% of that.Ā Here’s the Big Picture:
The Big Picture (Can You Find NASA?)Ā Source: http://www.whitehouse.gov/interactive-budget
Did you find NASA?Ā OK, once you peer into that 0.04% of the total, here’s what you get:
Category I. Science. $ 5.29 billion (about the same as 2015)
New Horizons Nears Pluto
For this, we get: Landsat and all its kin providing Earth images, taking over all of NOAAās earth-observing satellites except for the weather satellites, all of the current & upcoming Mars missions, Cassini, the Pluto mission (New Horizons), a mission to Jupiter, detection of near-Earth asteroids, all the space telescopes, the search for exoplanets, the James Webb telescope project and dozens of solar physics projects. Whew.
Category II. Aeronautics. $0.57 billion (down)
For this we get air traffic management tools, tech for unmanned autonomous vehicles, and new technology development for air vehicles.
Category III. Space Technology. $0.73 billion (up)
This covers new technology development in and for space applications, such as alternative fuels, solar electric propulsion,
Orion at Splashdown
the life-support system development for Orion, and development of laser communications systems.
Category IV. Exploration. $4.51 billion (up)
This is a big category, because itās for big stuff, mainly the Orion system, for which the first test flight went so well. Next up is the Exploration Mission, an unmanned trip to the Moon and back. And of course itās all about The Journey To Mars. And a major subcategory is support for the development of commercial spaceflight. Like SpaceX and Boeing.
Category V. Space Operations. $4.00 billion (up)
Thatās taking care of what we have up in space: mostly the International Space Station,
NASA’s View of the ISS
but also the facilities for support of those space missions, from the satellite fleet that provides tracking to the launch support on the ground.
Category VI. Education. $0.89 billion (down 20%)
Wow. No clear explanation for this, but education funding has been shaved by about 25%. Thereāre education-related funds under other categories, but this is the core education funding for NASAās contribution to the Federal plan to support STEM education. That includes Space Grant and programs to get more minority students interested STEM and going on to earn degrees in science and engineering. This is in addition to some education funding budgeted elsewhere, totaling $26.
Category VII. Safety, Security & Mission Services + Construction + Environmental Compliance + the office of the Inspector General. $ 3.25 billion (about the same)
That keeps all the NASA centers operating and takes care of any needed construction work (including environmental clean-up jobs).
We also get a few key bits to ponder:
On average, between 2015 and 2020, weāve got about 17 launches per year planned, of which about 13 have a science focus.
NASA is taking on a lot of former NOAA stuff, like ozone monitoring, ocean altimetry, and non-defense Earth-observing satellites, leaving just the weather satellites in NOAAās budget.
But–wait for it–the proposed budget assumes that the venerable Opportunity rover retires this year. Wait. Whaaaat? Oppy has not even hinted at a desire to quit her roving ways. If the āscience valueā makes sense, then theyāll try to provide funding anyhow.
The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (la bella osservatoria in volo, SOFIA) is fully funded in this budget request (last year, it wasnāt funded, but they got Congress to fund it later on, which kept the airborne observatory flying through fiscal 2015. No need for such machinations in 2016.
The State of Ames
Aaand, for a grand finale we get our very own presentation by Director of Ames S. Pete Worden and Ames CFO Paul Agnew. Iām actually awfully impressed, that this small group gets the attention of these top administrators, when Iām sure theyāve been through a similar session with the ārealā media.
Hereās the short version: Director Worden is delighted that the President supports a larger budget for NASA as a whole and happy that Ames is well taken care of in this budget, scoring its own $31 million overall budget increase with no cut in the education budget here. The special favorite is that solid funding for SOFIA, which is what bumps up Amesā science budget. Thereās funding for the CubeSats we saw today and for K-2 (the second-generation Kepler program) to keep ferreting out exoplanets around dwarf stars. And the upcoming new planet-finder TESS is in the works. Ames is on the forefront in reentry systems and several other areas critical to the Orion mission, so those are in well as is the Intelligent Robotics Group. The guys across the street from the Roverscape, the advanced computing group, also have a stable budget for next year.
SOFIA Celebrates Another Year
And they are very pleased that Ames’ own SOFIA is saved for another budget year.
I asked how Ames managed to keep its education budget stable when the agency-wide budget has such big cuts. I got a fuzzy answer, broadly indicating that a centerās education budget is affected by what that center asked for at the agency level, and that Ames has established a steady set of relationships and grants.
Review
OK, just to review.
The requested budget for NASA is $18.5 billion, an increase of about $500 million.
But put this in context. The defense request is $605 billion.
So, NASA is asking for about 3.1% of what the military is asking for, just for current defense purposes, not including taking care of our veterans.
And thatās out of a total budget of $4 trillion.
So the President is asking if itās OK if he spends 0.04% of our taxes on exploring our solar system, establishing a human presence in space, and using space-based research to find out all kinds of cool stuff that will help people on Earth.
So now we just have to wait and see what happens in Congress.
Before launching (pun intended) into this installment, I have to note some disappointing news from the European Space Agencyās ATV-5 mission. Due to a power issue, they decided not to do the shallow-angle reentry, which would require the vehicle to be in flight for an extra week or more after deploying from the ISS. Instead, it completed its mission in a more typical reentry maneuver, earlier today (Sunday, Feb. 15th ). Oh, well, the astronauts saved the new NASA monitoring instrument aboard the ISS for use in a future mission.Ā But it was not like we had anticipated. To cope with the loss, enjoy some NASA imagery from the reentry of Japanās Hayabusa spacecraft.
Terry Fong with NASA Social Team:Ā Blue Skies Over the Roverscape
Once weāre done with the agency-wide event of the morning, we find our way to the dazzling outdoors and distribute ourselves between a shuttle van and a minivan with our NASA team and a service-dog-in-training, and weāre off to the Roverscape.
Welcome to the Roverscape
Iām figuring weāll get a few canned presentations about the rovers that roam that dirt lot, climbing its artificial hills and avoiding its alignements of obstacle-rocks. And Iām psyched for that. At Amesā 75th-anniversary Open House, it was a crowd-fighting challenge to catch a glimpse of the rover patrolling on the other side of the barbed-wire-topped fence, subject to remote-control by a NASA roboteer hiding in plain sight under a pop-up tent in the parking lot.
But no. Itās not a presentation in the parking lot.
On arrival, our NASA Social Team quickly demonstrates thinking, writing, photographing, and connecting.
Now, presentations are nice. But the thing is, if youāre at a NASA Social, you feel like you have to be tweeting and posting the whole time and itās been pretty thoroughly proven that there is no such thing as multi-tasking. Which means while youāre tweeting and posting youāre missing stuff. Some folks handle that by simply recording presentationsāyou know, like the Real Media do. My strategy is to free-type notes, but thatās pretty dependent on having mad touch-typing skills. In any case, you donāt actually get much chance to interact with the people youāre there to learn from. Plus, for the presenters, gawd, there is nothing more tedious than being dragged away from your work to give a presentation to a bunch of people who seem to be playing video games and are not prepared to ask you questions.
So today the Ames Media Relations Gang are trying out a new idea.
The Elevator Pitch for The Elevator Pitch System, Featuring Today’s Reverse Photo Op
They have rounded up a bevy of NASA engineers & scientists associated with seven different project groups. Each group has chosen a representative to give a three-minute āelevator pitchā.Ā That would be either a) the one person who wasnāt there when the rep was chosen or b) a team leader who actually likes talking to groups. Then the social-media herd will be set free to scatter among the projects that have sparked their interest.
This is an experiment that works well on several levels. First, the quick-posting tweeters get snippets of video of the pitch presentations & those are up on YouTube in nanosecs.Ā Second, at first, the attendees naturally focus on projects that interest them the most. Third, because everyoneās free to wander, attendees also wander over to chat with folks whose topics werenāt as appealing at first. That means people discover new things. And theyāre more likely to get excited about new discoveries. Fourth, because it becomes nearly a one-to-one discussion format, questions are livelier, connections are made, and, fundamentally, everyone has a better time.
The sole downside is, for an old-school note-taker like me, itās tough to shoot photos & video, listen, ask sensible questions, and get notes written down. Gives you some respect for the professional media, eh, what? I’m envying that old-style team of reporter + photographer.
I tried to chat with every group. Very nearly made it, too.Ā So, with rough notes supported by follow-up research, my photos, and the power of memoryā¦
Target #1: Big Giant Roverbots!
First off, I headed right for Terry Fong and the K-REX robot that was actively surveying the Roverscape.Ā Strangely, no one else was chatting with him yet. Maybe they were scared off by his position as Director of the Intelligent Robotics Group, aka King of the Roverscape. But, seriously, Terry Fong is one the most personable robotics experts you can talk to, and others quickly joined me. It was quickly evident that what people wanted were photos of the rover, so he suggested good shooting angles, led small groups close enough for the rover to demonstrate its detection-and-avoidance behavior, and (near the end of the event) asked his crew to go to RC mode for a bit so the rover wouldnāt trundle away so determinedly.
Howdy, Prospector Bot K-REX
Where Be the Water?
The current design mission for the K-REX (which is the upsized younger sibling of the workhorse K-10 robot platform) is developing prospecting tools and algorithms. For survey missions, the rover can use a variety of tools from ground-penetrating radar to its 3-D GigaPan camera. But the hot topic of the moment is seeking water ice under the surface, for Lunar and Mars missions. But how do you āseeā underground water?Ā Robots, not being prone to faith-based data acquisition (or confidence tricks), arenāt good at dowsing. But water contains hydrogen, and each hydrogen nucleus (i.e., a single proton) is just the right size for interacting with a neutron in a measurable way. If you fire neutrons into the ground, theyāll penetrate about a meter, while bouncing around among the component atoms. Eventually, some will bounce back out of the surface. Ones that have only hit large, heavy atoms will be flying at close to their original velocity. But the neutrons that have struck hydrogen atoms will be slowed down significantly. The HYDRA neutron spectroscope detects the relative fraction of slowed-down neutrons and reports high hydrogen concentrations. Lots of hydrogen almost certainly means H2O. The team recently took their rover on a practice mission to search for water in the Mohave desert.
Will K-REX find water under the pebble patch?
One factor they are teaching the robots to work around is the varied character of the surface of the ground, so at the Roverscape, there are test patches of gravel, smooth pebbles, sand, and even shale rocks with smooth surfaces and jagged edges.
Couldn’t resist snagging some video of the rover at work:
Target #2: Makers of the Three (or More) Rules of Flying Robots
At the far end of the row of tents were a couple of guys with, sadly, no active robots to play with. And no one hanging around asking them questions. So, ever happy to avoid a crowd, I left Terry and made a bee line for their display. And discovered the team working to protect us all from wild mobs of flying robots clogging our skies. No, seriously, have you not worried whatās up with drones these days? Anyone can pick one up on Amazon and start zooming about. There have already been legal cases with āpeeping tomā drones. And towns arguing about whether or not to legalize shooting down drones above, say, your ranch property. More prosaically, but even more seriously, a drone wandering into airspace populated with passenger airplanes poses serious safety issues. Back in the early days of airplanes, there were similar issues of privacy, rights of transit, and safety.
In his State of NASA address, Charles Bolden trotted out the NASA aero mantra, āNASA is with you when you flyā.Ā Did you know that on top of cool aero hardware, NASA has been involved in air traffic control & collision avoidance? Now itās time for UAV traffic controls. In big words, weāre talking: Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM). This mission involves devising both regulations and technology, because UAVās need to be smart enough to “know” the rules and to recognize and avoid āforbiddenā space.
The timeline is short, as the drones are already out thereāwith lots of useful and fun applications but just as many problematic situationsāso the plan is to have essential systems for safe airspace in place within five years.Ā The proposed solution space incorporates static elements (āgeofencingā to tag keep-out zones) and drone smarts (to detect geofences and manage routing) to build, by stages, a comprehensive system allowing for autonomous operations which maintain secure areas and safe travel.
I only wish theyād been able to have a live drone to play with and illustrate their points. Because, you know, objects in flight.
Target #3:Ā The One I Missed, But Oh, Well, Didya Know…?
The guys next door had a huge UAV on their table, but, well, it was popular. I never did get to talk to them about it. Luckily Tokiwa Smith (@Tokiwana–follow her on Twitter, ok?) tweeted a good photo, so I was able to ID that fierce flyer as FrankenEye, a hybrid creation built largely by a group of student interns using parts from the NASA Dragon Eye UAVās and their own 3-D printed parts.
It’s FrankenEye: A project student interns got to work on! (Courtesy of NASA)
So, this is a good place to mention that NASA has a tremendous internship program.Ā The robotics programs alone at Ames pull in a dozen or more interns every summer. There are openings for liberal-arts students as well as engineers & scientists. And there are year-round internships as well. The best place to get connected with NASA internships all around the country is a single website, OSSI.Ā There are spots for high-schoolers, undergraduates, grad students, and postdocs, all with one application. However, if you (or a student you know) are in commute distance of any NASA site, check their website for a local internship. For example, at Ames there is the Education Associates ProgramĀ (supported by funding from USRA)
Target #4:Ā Innovative Bots Based On Baby Toys. Seriously.
Next up: the tensegrity bots, a NASA research project which has involved university students and professors from Ghent University to UC-Berkeley to Case Western Reserve.Ā We got our introduction from Vitas SunSpiral, a Stanford-trained innovator whose company is a contractor for the IRG.Ā Yes–one way to work “for NASA” is to work for a company that works with NASA.
Meet the Tensegrity Team
These folks are thinking so far outside the box that there isnāt any box left. Theyāre most fascinated by designing structures with great flexibility, analogous to our own flexible spines and spring-loaded tendons and joints. For their inspiration, theyāve turned to the toy universe: remember those springy rattles or balls made of sticks and elastics?Ā At the Open House, Iād seen the large prototype that theyāre sharing at this event as well as a prototype Berkeley students had built using LEGO Mindstorms. (SunSpiral told me that excited kids at the Open House partly disassembled the LEGO version.) Theyāve even dubbed this design a āSuper Ball Botā, reflecting the nature of the device is to be ābouncyā in a flexibility sense (and it also works as a pun on the robotics event āBot Ballā, though I’m not sure that’s intentional). The Ball Bot moves by adjusting tension in cables connecting the rods in response to dynamic pressure signals transmitted through this physical network. The result is a slow rolling peregrination. Theoretically, this device is its own safety net: it could roll to the edge of a cliff, drop down, and land safely. Eventually, a payload can be added, suspended in the middle of the āballā and protected by the springy structure of its un-legs.
Hereās a fun video the team posted a while back of their Super Ball Bot in development, concluding with a demo run right here at the Roverscape:
Target #5:Ā Making Robots Take Charge of Their Own Health
OK, there were people nearby showing off tiny satellites, but I needed a big-robot fix again. The guys from the āHealth and Prognosticsā group were displaying an older-style roverbot with a laptop perched on top of it.
“Health and Prognostics for Optimal Mission Success”Ā Ā What? Huh?
Whatās this all about? Health? Is this a bot that helps keep people healthy? I can tell from some of my fellow NASA Socialistas that this is the first-line guess, because that’s how they tag the first photos they tweet.
But, well, no. The āHealthā under consideration here is the deviceās own health. For this prototype, the robot assesses the status of its battery packs and then has to decide if itās up to completing the mission itās been assigned:Ā driving an assigned path and returning to base. It may need to eliminate some waypoints to safely complete at least the most critical stops on its route and skip the lower-priority stops. Consider that an autonomous survey rover on the Moon or Mars must be able to get itself back to its charging station and still make the cost of its construction and deployment worth the investment.Ā Ā The laptop on this robot is displaying its “thoughts” as it assesses its assigned route and redesigns that route in response to having one of its battery units disconnected in a recent experimental expedition around the streets right near the Roverscape.
But, wait, thereās more! To do this job well takes more than an instantaneous measure of how the batteries are doing. This crew has tested batteries to build a system which predicts battery status in the course of the missionāthatās the āPrognosticsā in the heading.Ā And that’s also information that is already set to be applied in batteries for electric cars–because this robot uses the same batteries.
It’s unfortunate that the nomenclature leads to a natural confusion here. This is a new field in systems engineering, one that truly sounds like something to do with medicine: Integrated Systems Health Management, or ISHM.Ā I’d’ve picked a different word than “health”, but systems engineers have used that term for so long, it would have been hard to change.Ā In any case, what’s important (and, analogous to biological health) is that it’s all about maintaining systems, and in this context a ādiagnosisā isnāt determining the cause of a rash but more like asking a smart device, like, say, the starship Enterprise, to give itself a check-up, that is:Ā ārun diagnostics.ā This has applications in any area with multiple components with failure potential. Here, weāre seeing it applied to an exploration rover system.
Target #6: Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites
OK, as I plunge over the 2,000-word line, check out those little cubes that Astronaut Scott Kelly is playing with here.Ā I only got to look around the shoulders of others talking to the SPHERES crew, but I got the gist just fine.
Astronaut Kelly juggles SPHERES (Courtesy of NASA)
First of all, theyāre not cubes, theyāre SPHERES.Ā Yes, clearly the acronym was assembled to be cute. But the job of these babies is cool:Ā they are flying ISS helper bots designed to be used as test beds for small satellite designs which include satellites which can work together to perform tasks in space. Theyāve been under constant development since their first flight in 2006.Ā The original-style SPHERES in this photo aren’t really being juggled, they’re navigating within the ISS using echolocation, using fixed-position ultrasound transmitters in the ISS to establish their location and relative positions.Ā The most recent versions are āSmartSPHERESā equipped with smartphonesĀ to communicate rapidly and enable image-taking and provide potential for vision-based navigation.
The resemblance of the SPHERES bots to the āremoteā droids in the Start Wars franchise is no accident: the original SPHERES were designed by MIT students in response to a challenge from their professor to build him one of those droids.Ā Since then, the SPHERES have continued to be influenced by students, as students have been able to āflyā by writing programs for SPHERES to execute.
An interesting recent series of experiments involved using a pair of SPHERES to cooperatively rotate a canister of fluid to study the way fluids slosh in microgravity. This is not just an academic exercise. Sloshing behavior affects the way fuel behaves during spacecraft maneuvers. Hereās a little NASA video of one sloshing experiment (And YouTube will happily point you to more like this.):Ā Ā
Target #7: Teeny-Tiny Satellites
I could see others moving towards the exit (and some groups packing up their displays), but I squeezed in a quick conversation with one of the CubeSat team members. What the heckās a CubeSat, did I hear you say? Well, CubeSat is a modular design for a nanosatellite (i.e., a really small satellite).Ā Each CubeSat is composed of a specific number of same-sized cubical “units”.Ā Oh, and though the SPHERES bots look like cubes, a CubeSat āunitā is actually meant to be cubical: nominally 10x10x10 cm (though if you nit-pick, the specs come out closer to 10x10x11cm).Ā Ā A CubeSat is assembled as 1 or 2 or 3 such āunitsā, with 6-unit and 12-unit cubesats in the works.Ā Look at it this way:Ā a 3U CubeSat is a bit smaller than a 12-pack of soda…roughly the size of a standard roll of paper towels.Ā The beauty of the small and modular design is that it opens up satellite-building to students, small businesses, and even hobbyists(though not everyone will score a launch ride with NASA).
You donāt launch a CubeSat from Earth. You launch it from space, by hitching a ride up to the ISS (or further) and having it slung from there to its desired orbit. When Orion runs its test flight to the Moon and back in 2017, itās hoped that a few CubeSats will be able to hitch a ride and be launched from the orbit of the moon, for placement further from Earth.Ā For instance, solar physicists would love to see an array of little satellites spread out around the sun, so they could see the activity over the entire solar surface at one time.
My captive researcher was was happy to talk but eager to get going as well, because she’s involved in an important test scheduled for “very soon”.
TechEdSat-3 (a 3U CubeSat) was the first test of an Exo-Brake.Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā TES-4 is coming down in February 2015
Weād like to be able to send small payloads to Earth. So far, the final parachute drop has been tested. The ability to communicate with the microsat during transit, using the the Iridium satellite network (yep, the smartphone network) for rapid interactive data handling has had testing, and we know how to pop the device out from the ISS. The exo-brake is a parachute designed for use in the low-density upper reaches of the atmosphere to steer the payload on the right course until regular parachutes can be deployed.Ā The upcoming test is the deployment and descent of TES-4, a CubeSat project involving San Jose State University students.Ā They’ll be testing the latest exo-brake and applying the Iridium communications system.
And then, finally, the call came for us all to exit the Roverscape. I walked backward and took the time for one last photo of K-REX before scrambling back aboard our vans for the ride back to the Exploration Center.
This is my second āNASA Socialā, part of a new(ish) PR program at NASA which is (successfully, I should add), linking the venerable government institution with this modern social-media-dominated universe. At Ames Research Center, which just celebrated its 75th birthday, I even qualify as āyounger generation.ā That alone is worth the price of admission. Last time, I stayed in the Facebook & Twitter world; this time I worked on my photos & videos for the blog.Ā While I may not tweet as rapidly as those youngsters sporting Google Glass, I hope Iām bringing a relatively-informed viewpoint to the show along with my fangirl attude.
Yeah, I know. I have my own engineering Ph.D., but Iām still a fangirl when it comes to space stuff, science stuff, and robot stuff.Ā And the best place to find all that stuff is still NASA.
OK, so, Iām expecting this one to be relatively dull, as the thrilling event of the day is The State of NASA (insert non-martial fanfare here) address being livestreamed from Kennedy on the big screen at the Ames Exploration Center. The last-minute info email the Ames team sent out last night hints at more than that: a āpreviewā of the ATV-5 re-entry, a ātourā of the Roverscape (a dirt lot with rocks in it), and (oh, joy) all about the new budget proposal.
Waiting for the livestream from Kennedy Center to get under way, it becomes clear we’re really just watching NASA TV, only without access to the DirecTV remote. Thereās a very brief, flashy video of inspiring fun NASA images: think ooh! ahh! all accompanied by the voice of the lovely Peter Cullen (aka Optimus Prime). But then NASA TV switches to their familiar old-style rolling globe image with a static ācoming nextā title. No sound, just a slide. Not something that would get a channel-skipper to pause and watch. A teasing view of the crowd jostling for seating and the Director finding his spot in front of Orion would be more engaging. Maybe they could bring in an intern from a college media studies program to keep viewer interest up when thereās a little delay in an event startup.
Meanwhile, hereās a party game: What did you recognize in that rapid-fire video with Optimus Prime narrating? Hereās my list:
Well, you can watch the State Oā NASAmessage yourself on YouTube, to get the full effect. Itās only a half-hour, plus that four-minute preview video featuring brief glimpses of the work NASA is doing, with Real Scientists and Engineers. And robots. And Astronauts. Run it in the background while youāre updating your Facebook. Make the kids watch the preview, maybe inspire them to consider training to work at NASA someday.
What you get here is a few my own off-the-cuff reactions and observations.
No surprise,The Journey To Mars is still a core theme. If youāre down on manned spaceflight, one thing Iām noticing is that there is a heck of a lot of science being packed into these projects. Itās almost as if the popularity of the notion of sending human beings to Mars is being leveraged to get more actual discovery accomplished. Hmmmm. As always, at least since Apollo ended, NASAās a shoestring operation, and itās rather astonishing just how many things are going on under that big umbrella.
If you havenāt been paying attention, you might not know that our current NASA Fearless Leader is a former astronaut, Charles Bolden. He flew on four Shuttle missions between 1986 and 1994, so he was part of NASA for Reagan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton. Ten years after Bolden had left the astronaut business to go back to his first career (the U.S. Marine Corps), G.(noH.)W. Bush got so inspired by the success of the Spirit and Opportunity Mars rovers that he decided NASAās new mission should be to get people back to the moon and on to Mars. And just five years after that, Obama put Bolden in charge of that mission, as well as the rest of the tasks NASA manages with a budget equal to about 3% the size of the defense budget.
The fun part of the State of NASA speech was not the words, because they were pretty much what youād expect: upbeat, replete with āReach for New Heightsā inspirational affirmations. The fun part was the setting: they talked the engineers whoād been happily disassembling the Orion capsule to put it back together, and Bolden gave his talk in front of the blackened shell of the successful first trial of NASAās new system designed to carry humans into spaceā¦even to Mars. To add flavor to the show, the organizers commandeered a space large enough for not one but three future human vehicles. There was a SpaceX Dragon C2+ capsule
Dragon Hangs Out
āsaid to be the actual capsule used for the first successful ISS resupply mission flown by SpaceXāand, for fair balance, a Boeing CST-100 capsule
CST-100 Shows Off Innovative Structure
showing off its innovative weld-free design structure.
Oh, and there were lots more people at Kennedy than we had at Ames. But at Ames, front-row seats were very accessible and anyone wanting to spread out over several seats was just fine.
Just as I notice a poster peering out from the edge of the Orion capsule, with logos and addresses for all NASAās social-media connections, the feed goes down. The smartphones rotate 90 degrees and are all searching for the livestream. OK, itās not just Ames, itās NASA TV. But, really. Hire that intern, guys.
Well, itās up again within a few minutes, though the audio is sketchy for a bit. What do interns get paid? Like, minimum wage, right?
So here are the highlights picked up in between tweets:
The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) gets first mention in the context of pathway to Marsāthough we still havenāt decided if the plan is to capture a whole small asteroid or to extract a chunk from a larger asteroid.
A glimpse of the budget comes nextā¦thereās a bump-up of $500 million for fiscal 2016, though who knows what Congress will do with the budget request. Keep in mind that NASAās proposed $18.5 billion is about 3% of the proposed defense budget and about 0.04% of the overall budget. How NASA can do this much with peanuts is amazing. Oh, wait. Suddenly I understand the peanuts ritual at JPL launch & landing events.
Thereās a return to the Mars topic with shout-outs to all our Mars explorer robots, including a total brag on the U.S. having the first and (so far) only Mars landers. (OK, yes, we still love our friends at ESA, who landed on a comet.)
Then we get a reminder of the brilliant science from our telescope projects
Hubble Reveals the Butterfly Nebula (Courtesy of NASA)
from Hubble (which Bolden helped launch) to Kepler to James Webb. Even Chandra, which does superb work in the X-Ray spectrum, gets a mention this time. And the Solar Dynamics Observatory scores a slot in the closing segment.
Chandra X-Rays the Universe (Courtesy of NASA)
The Shuttle program is over, but it still makes it into the talk. Keep in mind Bolden is a shuttle veteran but also remember that, like his boss, heās the first African-American to hold his job. Bolden flags the Shuttle program as the one that brought diversity to NASA, since it finally opened up space to women, minorities, and others who previously āwouldnāt have a chance to flyā. That is the thing he tells us to view as the crucial long-term legacy of the shuttle program. (Side note: Boldenās Deputy Administrator for 2009-2013 was the first woman to hold that position, Lori Garver.)
Thereās a reminder that the money spent on space is money spent in the U.S., from small business to large ones, from textile mills to welding shops. And the cash gets shared out, with 37 states having a stake in the commercial crew mission.
Education gets a nod, though to be honest Iām a little disappointed that what gets the splash are the student science program at ISS and the flight of a student project on the Orion test flight. Those big projects still tend to end up at private and/or privileged schools, since it takes resources to play. I might have gone for a specific shout-out to one of the schools for which participation was a big leap, like Oaklandās Urban Promise Academy.Ā Still, if thereās a kid doing a science report who hasnāt logged into a NASA website, then that kid doesnāt have internet access.
All right, then we get a round of teasers on upcoming technological developments: āgreenā (less-polluting) propellants, advanced autonomous robotics, high-power solar electric propulsion, aviation advancements.
NASAās moving forward in its ongoing role in earth and climate science. Weāve got that successful launch of the SMAP climate science satellite (http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/), just a week ago, which has both direct practical applications for agriculture. And the Airborne Snow Observatory has already produced data to help with the drought in the West, especially California, where snowpack is key to water supplies.
True to the core message, the closing draws focus back to Mars, promising a geophysics mission with the InSight lander scheduled to launch in March of next year.Ā Ā And a taste of special features planned for the Mars 2020Ā successor to Curiosity, including a way to shoot a sample back home to Earth.
The Core Message
One last item in the dark hall of the Exploration Center: we get to watch a video from the re-entry of ESAās ATV-1. Ā Kinda cool, but old-school, dating back to 2008. But this is just a teaser, for the upcoming re-entry of ATV-5. Here weāre working at the opposite end of the scale from Orion and Dragon, where the concern is careful braking and heat-shield materials and safe landings. These re-entries are in the realm of Design for Demise, in which hardware at the end of its life is sent down to burn up in Earthās atmosphere. Itās not as simple as it might seem, when your goal is to NOT have bits of debris landing on the surface. I snipped together my video of their video to make a one-minute infomercial for ATV-5. Well, one does what one can:
There are two instrument packages onboard ready to monitor descent. ESAās contribution is a video camera (wow!) while NASAās package records acoustic data, temperatures, deceleration info and more. Both will āphone inā their results using the Iridium satellite network. Yep, ESA and NASA will be totally outclassing everyone elseās phone video uploads that day.Ā (ESAās page is complete with a countdown clock. The twitter tag will be #bigdive.)
Below, youāll find a handy supply document you can download, with shopping lists for small and large groups and a range of cost estimates, depending on how much of the supplies you can acquire from available supplies or donations by participants.Ā Ā With a minimal outlay, you and your group can experience being comet chasers–observers of comets.
Basically, you need a bunch of badminton birdies for your comet headsākeep in mind you donāt need performance-grade shuttlecocks or even new ones. If your high school has a badminton team, they will have worn-out birdies you can take off their hands.Ā Ā A grungy, beat-up birdie makes a more realistic comet head.
Birdies for Comets
And you need a bunch of ribbonācurling ribbon for the comet tails. The supply sheet estimates ribbon packages at around $8, but if you look at this photo, youāll see the last time I bought supplies, it was out of the clearance bin at $2. And if you can get one in five of your participants to bring in a roll to share, it wonāt cost you a dime.
Zoom Out–Yes! Here’s All You Need To Make Comets
The one oddball item is that tulle fabric ribbon for the big comet. This you might have a hard time finding in your junk drawer unless youāve been helping a bride make wedding tchochkes. But for $10 you can buy enough to make three huge comets. Cut five-yard lengths and tie one end of each to a vane of a single birdie, allowing a few inches of extra length to fan out as the cometās ācomaā. Tulle scrunches up easily, so even a six-inch-wide ribbon will feed through the holes between the birdieās vanes.
Detail–How To Tie Fabric Tails
You should be able to borrow a portable fan and a playground or soccer ball. If you canāt, it will take a roughly $25 expenditure to get those items in stockāa cost you can recoup in part by either donating it to the group youāre working with or simply deducting the expense as part of your cost of volunteering.
And it is presumed you can find a pencil, which makes holding the small model a little easier when you’re doing the demo with the fan;Ā here’s the trick for hooking the pencil to the comet head:
Holder For Fan Experiment
Depending on how good you are at scrounging supplies and locating soccer balls, your costs will range from $10 to $85 for typical group sizes.Ā Ā The spreadsheet I use has a calculation column to adjust the requirements list for other class sizesĀ So, if you want a copy of thisĀ fully-functional workbook, ālikeā the Facebook page & Iāll send you one via a Facebook āmessageā. (You can also try emailing me through the ācontactsā page here, but youāll get a faster response on FB.)Ā Your FB contact will be used for nothing other than sending you a file and boosting the “likes”-count on my page.Ā [Insert maniacal laughter, if desired.]
Meanwhile, you can get the static workbook as a pdf right away:
Now that you are all excited about comets, here are some fun places to go where you can find more cometary material:
A lovely one-page summary from the Spaceguard Program (sponsored by the European Space Agency) gives a clear description of comet tail structureand dynamics, including a neat animation of what both tails look like as the comet proceeds around the sun. The ion tail streams straight back, while the dust tail is curved a bit as the particles within the dust tail blend movement due to their individual orbits about the sun and the forces of the radiation pressure. Net, both tails roughly point away from the sun, as in our demonstration.
Check out NASAās solar system photo gallery, with images from NASA and European Space Agency exploration missions and telescopes.
Visit the Lunar and Planetary Instituteās educational site, with even more hands-on activities for young astrophysicists. Roam their site for educator workshops and more.
OK, seriously, I’m not the only science blogger keen on comets.
Our guy Euler was the first one to suggest that light exerts pressure, but we had to wait over 100 years to get to Maxwell, who proved it, and then another quarter-century went by before some Russians managed to measure radiation pressure. (Also, gotta love Google Books.)
Oh, and by 1915 the proof of radiation pressure made it into Scientific American.
In this activity, the most importantidea is to explore and experiment with models and games to understand how a cometās tail behaves as the comet hurtles around the sun. The key concept is that the cometās tail is being pushed away from the sun by the ionizing radiation, solar wind and even the light itself blasting out of the sun. This means that when the comet is inbound, approaching the sun, its tail streams behind it, like a horseās tail. But on the outbound journey, as the comet leaves the sun behind, its tail flies out in front of it. What we hope the participants will take away from these activities is a picture of what a comet looks like as it moves and the knowledge of why it looks that way.
Comet-tail behavior simply makes sense when āexperiencedā from the cometās point of view.Ā If by any chance some of these facts are a discovery for you, too, donāt feel like you have to keep it a secret that you are learning–have fun with it. A key ingredient in the formula for growing a scientist is that finding out how the universe works is fun. Or, in the words of one physicist profiled in the film Particle Fever: The real answer to āwhy do we do this is . . . because itās cool.ā)
Keep in mind the constraints of your particular situation when assembling your materials and pre-planning the project. For instance, if there arenāt enough classroom scissors or if session time is tightly constrained, you can pre-cut the ribbon for the individual comet models into 3-foot lengths. Be aware of opportunities for participants with special needsāfor instance, the comet-running activity does require at least one person to be standing still. In return, that one who just canāt stand still could be a pinch-runner. If the group as a whole isnāt particularly fast-moving, the ārunningā game can be done at whatever pace suits the team.Ā Ā (One can be a āstudentā at any ageāmost of us middle-aged folks are not exactly speed-demons.)Ā If you’re planning this as a home-schooling project, this is one you’ll want to save for a get-together with other home-schoolers–you need at least three players and it is ever so much more fun with a group.
Stage 1: The Small-Scale Experiment
This description may look long, but that’s just to let you walk through it easily and to share some photos to help. This whole Stage 1 should take about fifteen minutes, tops.Ā Ā I’ll spare your weary eyes and park the “Stage 2” and “Stage 3” activities in the next posting–but don’t worry, the entire activity fits into a single science session if you can claim an hour’s time to play with.
Before distributing materials, bring out one individual model comet, the sample to be used for the models everyone will take home. Itās simply an ordinary badminton birdie with long streamers of ribbon tied to it. For now, keep the ribbons bunched up inside the net of the birdie. Explain that the ball at the end of the birdie is the cometās nucleus, the frilly part can be its atmosphere, or coma, which begins to form as the gas and dust which jets away from the outer layers comet as it warms up.
One Small Comet
Notes: Iād suggest that you relax and let your sample comet be imperfectācomets are messy creatures by nature and you donāt need that one super-meticulous individual slowing down the whole event by striving to exactly matching a perfect sample. If you have an older, more experienced group of comet enthusiasts to work with, you can interject the extra information about the distinction between the ion and dust tailsāperhaps even represent them by different ribbon colors.On the other hand, if youāre working with anyone between the ages of 5 and 15, and you donāt want to deal with distracting snickers and giggles erupting through the group, simply refrain from using the technical term for a birdie. Oh, come on, you know why.
OK, back to it. The ribbon represents those gases and dust particles that make up the cometās tail(s). Now, if we toss our model across the room, what happens to the streamers tied to it? Right . . . they float out behind. They donāt stretch out in front or clump in a bunch around the head of the ābirdieā. You can demonstrate by trying to throw your comet backwards: hold the tail in front and toss, but the tail will just fall back to the head andāif your throw is a mighty oneāend up in back again..
Now, invite answers to a key question: why does the ribbon float behind? What pushes the tail behind the cone as it flies through the room? With a little nudging, you should get general agreement that it is the air pushing on the lightweight streamers, shoving them behind the āheadā of our comet.
But now we must turn to a more difficult line of questioning. Pull out playground or soccer ball (a handy model for the sun), and ask one student to stand and hold up your Sun so everyone can see the next portion. Bunch up the cometās tail in the back of the shuttlecock again, and carry the comet in a āflightā around the āSunā. As you move, ask the students to think hard about what happens to the cometās tail as it whips around the sun.
Start easy. Shake out the streamers, and stretch them out with your free hand. Move the comet towards the sun. Which way should I point the streamers? Everyone will be quick to tell you to pull them backwards, away from the sun. Now, place the comet at its closest approach to the sun, just before it curves back to head into deep space again. āIām at the Sun now,ā you can say, āzooming around the back of it. And moving as fast as Iāll go in this journey. Which way should the streamers point?ā
Usually this question generates some disagreement. A reasonable argument would be that you should hold the streamers behind the comet, as it moves, which would mean the cometās tail would point along a tangent to its orbit around the Sun. (Even if the students are covering tangents in math, please donāt interrupt yourself to pause and discuss tangents right now! Use this lesson later to enliven the math session.)
Tail Behind?
Tail In Front?
Tail Sideways?
Some students may suggestāquite logically–that when you are that close, the Sunās gravity should pull the tail towards it. If the group is large enough, you should also get someone who can argue that the tail should point away from the sunāfor now, it doesnāt matter if this is a knowledge-based claim or just a contrarian viewpoint from snarkiest person in the room. Whatever hypotheses are offered, just accept them as proposed solutions and demonstrate what each would look like.
Finally, move to the āoutboundā portion of your cometās orbit. āOur comet now flies on away from the sun, perhaps to return in another century or two. Now, which way should the cometās tail point?ā Again, if you have managed to keep a poker face so far, the most popular answer is likely have the tail streaming behind the comet. As before, accept and demonstrate each of the guesses. If students have reasons for their theories, let everyone hear them. Discussing and justifying hypotheses is an integral part of the real scientific process.
If you have access to a blackboard (oh, well, itās modern times, so, okayokayokay, you can use your smelly whiteboard or that fancy tablet-linked projector), now is the moment to leave off demonstrating with the model and sketch the competing hypotheses for everyone to see. Your picture will look kind of like this. Please remember to Keep It Messy.
Discussing Possible Tail Directions
Have you ever read one of those annoying mystery stories in which the author leaves you in the dark about a critical fact that solves the entire case? Well, here too, we have denied our puzzle-solvers an important clue. So, tell the group itās time for a change of topic. But actually what weāre doing is rolling out the narrative twist that makes the whole thing so cool.
Here on Earth, it is air that pushes the streamers on our comet model. But how much air is there out in space? (So little that you might as well say āzeroā!) But without air, why should any comet have a tail at all?
What comes out of the sun? You should hear the following answers: heat, light, maybe even radiation. But has anyone heard of the solar wind? The sun blasts out particles, too? The sun is shooting out plasma, protons and electrons flying through the solar system at thousands of miles per hour. This is the solar wind, which blows through the solar system all the time, at thousands of miles per hour. The particles are tiny, not even as big as atoms, so it is an invisible wind. And like wind, itās not perfectly even, it gusts and changes from moment to moment as the Sun itself changes.
All of those things we named help to make our comets look the way they do. Consider your audienceā¦
Explanation #1: You are all correct. All of that stuff blasting out of the sun–light, radiation, heat, and the solar wind–shove all that stuff leaking out of the comet into a tail. And since all that stuff is coming from the sun, the only way the tail can point is away from the sun.
Explanation #2: All of those answers are correct . . . and they all combine to make a cometās tail. The heat of the sun warms the comet to free the gases and dust. The solar wind blasts the gasesāand the particles in the solar wind also interact with those gases, stripping some of their electrons to make that part of the tail a glowing stream of ionized gas. The radiation from the sun actually can push things, and that pressure is just strong enough to shove those tiny dust particles enough to counteract their tendency to fall towards the sun. And the visible sunlight reflects from the spread-out cloud of dust, making the comet shine in our night sky.
Again, with older/experienced participants, now is the time to clue them in that radiation pressureāthe totally cool idea that sunlight itself exerts pressureāexists because light is electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic radiation is a wave and a wave [http://physics.info/em-waves/] pushes on the objects it encounters. You may not feel battered and bruised by the TV and radio waves powering through you day and night or be physically bowled over by the sunlight forming a gorgeous rainbow. But: itās enough to push fine grains of dust. The only sad thing about radiation pressure is itās not common knowledge yetāitās been proven since 1873.
To represent these solar forces, we need to make a breeze. For that job, a fan does the trick. When we turn it on, it blasts a healthy āsolarā wind. (Be sure to experiment in advance with your fan and sample comet–there’s a lot of variation in fan settings.)
Inbound Comet
Hold the comet in the āinboundā position, with the front of the birdie pointed at the Fan Sun.Ā Yes! We were all correct: the tail points behind the comet as it moves towards the sun.
If the fan is strong enough, you can also use the model to hint at how the length of the cometās tail changes. Far from the sun, the comet has no tail; far from the fan, our streamers dangle to the floor. A little closer in, a real comet’s tail appears as a pale streak behind it; as you approach your fan, the model’s streamers lift up and begin to flutter weakly behind it. Near the sun, the tail stretches out millions of miles behind a real cometās head; near the fan, the your streamers stretch their full length.
Now, what about when the comet is heading away from the sun? Which way will the tail be pointing, now that we know about the solar “wind”? Nearly everyone will see, now, that it must point away from the sun.
Outbound Comet
Demonstrate that this works: you point the birdieās nose away from the fan, turn on the blast, and the streamers flow out over the front of the birdie. The shape of the birdie helps emphasize the incongruity of our expectationāthat the tail goes behindāwith the reality: the solar forces push the tail.
If the class has patience for one more test, add the third question: what happens when the comet is rounding the far side of the sun, and is pointed āsidewaysā? Hold the comet model perpendicular to the flow of the fan.
Comet At Perihelion
Let everyone see how the tail sweeps out to the side of the comet. It always points away from the sun, no matter what direction the comet is pointing.
